Joseph Beuys Social Sculptures Concepts

Joseph Beuys Social Sculptures Concepts Joseph Beuys developed a new concept of art as Social Sculpture in post-war Germany after the long period of repression and lethargy. His theory advocated that every person in every situation has the ability to re-organise society and this essay discusses how he sought to realise these ideas within his own practice. Beuys (1921-1986), is one of the most prominent and influential German artists to emerge after World War II. As well as an artist, he was a teacher and activist and his theory on the ability of art to change the dynamics of society has reverberated across a generation of artists. (Electronic Arts Intermix 1997) Beuys, along with other founding members of the Fluxus movement, helped to reinvigorate a prosperous Avant-garde after the long episode of Nazi oppression. His work was highly experimental and always contentious, layered with intricate meaning and symbolism. (Moma n.d.) Throughout his career he produced thousands of conceptual works, drawings, installations, objects, performances and lectures. Maturing as an artist during the Fluxus movement, this encouraged Beuys to create progressively more anti-establishment and eccentric works.(Turner 2001) The Fluxus was an international movement which began in the early sixties and continued to thrive throughout the 1960s and 1970s. It was distinguished by a strong Dadaist approach and encouraged artistic experimentation intertwined with social and political activism that rejoiced in revolutionary change. (Delahunt 1996)The Fluxus movement also centres on the absolute connection between art and life (Durini 1997, p. 26), a theme which was central to Beuys artistic practice. It was during the war that Joseph Beuys decided to dedicate himself to art. Beuys entered the Dusseldorf Academy at the conclusion of the war. It was during his time at the Academy that he began to query academic limitations and sought to further his artistic capabilities and understanding of art through his subject matter, sculptural techniques and the use of non conventional materials. A major turning point for Beuys came during the mid 1950s when he suffered from a severe bout of depression which lasted for several years. He surfaced from this period with a renewed sense of purpose and direction. Beuys states â€Å"This was the stage at which I began systematic work on certain basic principles.† (Walker Art Centre n.d.) These principles were to later expand into his Theory of Social Sculpture. In addition to his depression, Beuys also reportedly suffered from several injuries which he sustained during the five years he served in the war. It is speculated that due to this suffering, the theme of injury and healing are ever-present throughout his work. As a survivor of World War II, Beuys saw Western society as highly traumatised, psychic, social, political and ecological, and he believed that art was a means of mending this suffering. (Walker Art Centre n.d.) During the 1960s and 1970s, Joseph Beuys helped to solidify performance arts position within the art scene. He used a collaboration of sound, time and objects in a series of â€Å"actions†, to create sculptural performances. These performances were often recorded and demonstrated the captivating manner in which the artist was able to use his physical and psychic energy in which to create scenes infused with historical, mythological and personal significance. (Moma n.d.) Beuys believed that performance art was an intuitive approach in which he could convey his belief in the artists ability to repair a damaged world. (Turner 2001) Beuys was spurred on by the ideal belief human creativity could be universal and that art could create revolutionary change. This belief is what led Beuys to advocate this theory of the concept of ‘Social Sculpture during the 1970s, when his political activism was at the forefront. This was the idea that each human being had the potential to creatively contribute to the reshaping of society, in other words ‘society as an artwork. (Tate Collection 2009) Beuys idea of everyone as an artist was very powerful, because it is an indicator of our human potential for future evolution. (Howard n.d.) He believed that this potential was oppressed by conformity, social norms and conventions (Garner n.d.), and that in order for society to reach its full potential, it needed to free itself of routine and remain unobservant to disparities and surrounding conflicts. This idea formed a large part of the intention of his work, he states â€Å"I not only want to stimulate people, I want to provoke them†. (Masters n.d.) Beuys regarded teaching as an important part of his work as an artist. (Tate Collection 2009) He produced a large number of chalkboard drawings in which to communicate the basic principles of his Theory of Social Sculpture. They were often in the form of diagrams and demonstrated the relationships between art and society. (NGV International 2008) These chalkboard drawings are viewed as artworks in their own right. Joseph Beuys selection of materials for his sculptures was notably eclectic and he believed that certain materials had significant associations and through their repeated use they achieved personal representation. (Tate Collection 2009) He spent a substantial amount of time ensuring that his choice of aesthetic materials expressed his intentions. (Garner n.d.) Fat is a material that Beuys frequently used within his sculptures. He often used it to provoke discussion and believed it a material which was very basic to life. Its flexibility in changing from solid into liquid form made it a compelling symbol of spiritual transcendence. Felt is also a material that features frequently in Beuys work, and it became somewhat of a personal signature. He believed its often mundane nature could be transformed into objects with multi-layered significance; he also liked the manner in which it absorbs any liquid that it comes into contact with. Felt also appealed to him because of its ability to act as an insulator, it became a symbol of warmth and the way in which it could act as a muffler, for example when he wrapped a piano and a loudspeaker in it. (Tate Collection 2009) There is widespread belief that he had a strong preference towards these two materials because when he was injured in the war, fat and felt were used upon his wounds to help mend them . Beuys began to use fat in the 1960s with his installations ‘Fat Corners (1968) and a sculpture entitled ‘Fat Chair (1964). Beuys reasoning behind these pieces is that they began an almost chemical process that would not have been so potent if he had only spoken theoretically about them. (Walker Art Centre n.d.) In ‘Felt Suit (1970), Beuys uses felt in the idea that it is a protective and magical material. It is modern day armour made out of modest cloth. Hanging on the wall, an empty shell with no human presence it is not a suit at all, instead it becomes merely a piece of art. Beuys states that the suit represents warmth and a means in which to protect an individual from the world. Beuys states â€Å"Not even physical warmth is meant, namely spiritual or evolutionary warmth at the beginning of an evolution† (Turner 2001). The suit is also reminiscent of the solitude of human beings. Such suits were often worn by prisoners, particularly those in Nazi concentration camps. (Turner 2001) ‘Rose for Direct Democracy (1973), is one of Beuys most famous multiples, it consists of a rose in a transparent cylinder. For Beuys the rose is a simple example of the evolutionary process with its revolutionary goal, which is to gradually blossom. In contrast to the organic nature of the rose is a manmade cylinder with measurements on the side, capable of determining the volume of the matter inside. This piece symbolises the transition from an unyielding and artificial system into an organic and flourishing one. In one clear image it communicates the importance of love and knowledge and passion and science. (Arithmeum 2000) In ‘How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare (1965), Beuys cradled a dead hare for three hours whilst walking around and showing it his drawings while at the same time explaining each drawing to the hare in a whisper. The hare is symbolic of birth for Beuys, as the hare is born and burrows underneath the Earth, later to re-emerge from it. Whilst in this action, he also covered his head in honey and affixed fifty dollars worth of gold leaf to it. His reasoning behind this was that by covering his head in honey he was evidently doing something involved with thinking. Since it is bees who are the source of honey, its use represents the goodwill and affection that societies of bees are recognised for. (Ordinary Finds n.d.) Beuys stated that he would prefer to explain his pictures to a dead animal rather than to a person because this way his words were not taken too literally. Beuyss most well known action occurred during 1974 ‘I like America and America Likes Me, when he spent three days alone in a room with a coyote. For this performance, he was flown into New York and immediately upon landing he was enveloped in felt and loaded into an ambulance. He was then taken to the gallery where the action took place, without once setting foot on American soil. He explained that his wish was to isolate himself, see nothing of America other than the coyote. Native Americans held the coyote in god-like regard and after the settlers came they merely saw it as a pest which needed to be ridded. Beuys saw the disparagement of the coyote similar to the damage in which white men had imposed upon America and its native people. This action was an attempt to heal some of those wounds. He reasons, â€Å"You could say that a reckoning has to be made with the coyote, and only then can this trauma be lifted†. (Tate Collection 2009) In conclusion, Beuys served as a remedy to the needs of the population at the time, which was awakening from the shock of their economic, social and cultural sluggishness after the war. He demonstrated a way in which to rise from the ashes which was entertaining, wholesome and spiritually challenging. (Chicago Art n.d.) Within his works and teachings, he strived for a complete revamp of the system in which art is merely a consumer product. â€Å"Art is, he said, â€Å"a revolutionary change in the sense of completing the transformation from a sick world to a healthy one.† (Masters n.d.)

Napoleon Exiled to Elba Essay

* 1812 Napoleon launches an invasion against the Russians * 1814, Napoleon forces surrendered and he offered to step down in favor of his son * His offer was rejected and he signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he agreed to abdicate in exchange for which he was given the tiny Kingdom of Ebla, a small island in the Mediterranean Sea * May 3, 1814 Napoleon arrives on the island of Elba   He brought ambitious plans to reform government and a personal escorts of 1000 men, and a household of staff * An island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km off the Tuscan coast * Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried since a near-capture by Russians on the retreat from Moscow however, its potency had weakened with age, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria * Evening of February 26 , 1815 Napoleon takes advantage of temporary absence of the English custodian, Colonel Campbell * Under the cover of night, he silently slipped away with a from the island and returned to the mainland * He traveled through areas where he knew he had support and about 500,000 volunteers joined him * Escapes with a small army and headed to Paris, proclaimed the renewal of his empire * The French may have found Louis XVIII reasonable, however, they feared the royalists and clergy who were attacking the reforms that had come into effect since 1789 * Also the magic of Napoleon’s name and the glory of his rule been forgotten Battle of Waterloo   Return of Napoleon united the powers at Vienna, and agreed to raise and army under the Duke of Wellington * June 8, 1815 near the town of Waterloo, Belgium the 100 days campaign starts * June 8, 1815 near the town of Waterloo, Belgium 100 days campaign starts * June 18, 1815 Duke of Wellington occupied the ridge of Mont St. Jean (south of Waterloo) and Napoleon was at La Belle Alliance across the valley * Duke of Wellington had inexperienced infantry, cavalry and had 156 cannon and standard gun for infantry * Napoleon built his army on short notice with veterans, peasants and conscripts * The French army under fire from the garrisons at LA Haye Sainte and despite heavy casualties at 11:30am the French launched diversionary attack on Hougoumont * An allied line that hid behind the ridge

One of one jewelry design - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2414 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Executive Summary One of One Jewelry Designs specializes in bridge jewelry created as unique, elegant, and contemporary jewelry. Jewelry with a cutting-edge design has always been of interest to a certain class of jewelry buyers. We intend to fulfill that need by researching authentic contemporary designs with fabricated bridge jewelry. Using bridge jewelry metals instead of gold, and precious stone will allow for us to keep our retail price point below $65. This will increase our appeal across all age ranges, and especially in our target market of females under the age of thirty. General Company Description One of One Jewelry Design is a Limited Liability Corporation. The business will become an online web-store operational as of December 2009. The purpose is to provide unique wire-wrapped, hand-crafted jewelry to consumers who buy mid-range jewelry for its one of a kind quality. The art of crafting wire-wrapped jewelry goes back in time at least 4000 years ago. Wire- wrapped jewelry has been found with the relics of the Ancient Phoenicians and the tombs of the once found Egyptians. The art of wire-wrapping jewelry is now flourishing in the United States, Canada and England, with many creative jewelry wire-wrapping artists in each of these countries. The contemporary look of wire wrapped jewelry started in England shortly after World War I. A gentleman by the name of Mr. C. G. Oxley used wire-wrapping as therapy for many veterans at war. His then student, Jim Llewellyn, transported the art of wire- wrapped jewelry to Canada. Mission Statement: To offer a premier level of cust omer service and professionalism, while providing our clients with a great selection of the most beautiful, unique and one-of-a-kind jewelry skillfully hand-crafted at an exceptional value. Jewelry historically has been purchased by older consumers whos at an age where they could meet the expense of luxury goods, it has been theorized by demographers for many years that jewelry was a life cycle buy related to age. They concurred that jewelry demand was determined by both age and income. Therefore, demographically, our target audience is women between the ages of 25-40 years of age. The jewelry industry is in a state of growth. According to analyst Patti Evans of Jupiter Research, the U.S online jewelry sales grew 19.3% from the prior year $2.2 billion or 5.8% (2006) of the total market, while having an expect growth in 2009 of $2.7 billion or a 6.6% market share. With such market growth we plan to offer high-level jewelry made with 10K and 14K gold in the foreseeable future. We have designed a company that can create loyal customers for generational time spans. Our pricing system is a scaled down system based on specific lines that suits our target market across the board. Our customer service is what we believe will take our company into success. When the consumer can reach someone within a company and be catered to for their specific needs it leaves a commitment stamp. We plan to have a 1-800 number for clients to reach us, in which, many hand-crafters dont offer. Chavon has been creating hand-crafted jewelry for two years. She began by stumbling upon a favorite necklace of hers that had broken. She then visited the local bead store for the findings to repair the necklace and while there in the bead store it all began. Chavon began searching the web, buying supplies and tools gaining knowledge of jewelry-making and became a self-taught jewelry designer. Her years of co-managing her husband, who is a musician helped her to understand business and hard-work. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "One of one jewelry design" essay for you Create order Products and Services While understanding the notion that many elements in creating jewelry are based on techniques, we plan to expand on these uses of techniques and provide our clients with unique, elegant, and one-of-a-kind meaningful creations that will connect with the buyer/wearer. We plan to capitalize on the use of using quality materials versus costume jewelry materials that use base metals, rhodium, and silver plate. Our jewelry is designed with Argentium (non-tarnish) sterling silver, gold-filled wire and includes semi-precious gemstones, natural stone cabochons, shells and pearls, and Swarovski glass crystals. The sense of design is flowing, contemporary and elegant. The creations include wire-wrapped pendants, rings, earrings, and necklaces. In times of economic pressure its shown that consumers cut back on discretionary items like jewelry. As a true understanding, the more wealth one has there will be less effect on them during the ups and downs of economic conditions. Therefore, our jewelry will be priced between $30-$65, which will allow us as a company to weather economic swings while offering mid-level bridge jewelry. Marketing Plan Economics Facts about your industry: The jewelry industry on a whole is a $27 billion dollar industry. Fashion jewelry takes up 22% of the market share. The current demand in the fashion jewelry market is sterling silver, and gold filled jewelry. The trends in growth are online selling, and personal tastes in uniqueness. Product Features and Benefits The products that we are initially carrying are: Handmade Earrings Handmade Rings Handmade Necklaces Our special handcrafted jewelry is featured with Argentium sterling silver and gold-filled precious metals. With such quality materials the consumer benefits include, quality appreciation, pride in purchase, a memory to last forever, and exclusivity of a one-of-a-kind handmade jewelry creation. The after-sale services we will offer will include prompt delivery through the reputable UPS mail and package carrier. Packages will all contain a delivery confirmation to ensure customer purchases. We will guarantee our product through our refund and exchange policies that will be shipped with every package on the invoice and available on the website. Customers The targeted customers for One of One are women from the Generation Y and Generation X. The buying characteristic of Gen-Yers has shown that they spend an eye-catching $150 billion a year. And they influence another $50 billion in family purchases (Baby Boomers), bumping the total to $200 billion. Generation Y is also, of course, the most digitally world-wise. About nine out of 10 have access to a home computer whereas half have internet access. These groups are also more socially conscious and globally aware. Competition The demand for jewelry is mostly determined by the disposable income of customers. The increasing amount of wealthy individuals, working women, double-income households and fashion-conscious men has kept jewelry sales strong. When raw material prices fall, jewelry becomes more reasonably priced, and consumer demand elevates. Renewing assurance in the economy has also plays a major role. Online jewelry sales have risen steadily. This has forced retail merchants to adapt and many have moved some sections of their business online. Because jewelry is not often branded, product differentiation is a key point of competition among for One of One Jewelry. High-quality designers are appreciated. Niche Now that you have systematically analyzed your industry, your product, your customers, and the competition, you should have a clear picture of where your company fits into the world. In one short paragraph, define your niche, your unique corner of the market. Strategy Offer unique, unusual jewelry designs as private label merchandise while creating an opportunity for customers to buy items retailing for under $100, and give the customer a reason to buy through social networking Web sites Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace. Operational Plan Production The products of One of One will be produced in a home-based (residential) setting. Explain your methods of: Production techniques and costs Quality control Customer service Inventory control Product development Location The qualities that are present in this location (home) allows for a designated office space that is 12by 16 to be fulfilling to produce jewelry products. The power and utilities prove to be adequate with white light bulbs for true color. The access to the home-based business serves great for deliveries from suppliers. The hours of operation will run from 10am-5pm. Legal Environment At this time One of One is looking into trademarking its logo and slogan. Personnel One of One has 2 employees Owner and Co-Owner. The labor that exist between the owners are skilled and professional. At this time One of One is not pursing employees. The owners have a strict schedule of business operations, therefore; provides the quality of each other to speak for itself. The Co-Owner is the jewelry designer and the Owner handles day-to-day business operations. Inventory The inventories that will be kept are supplies, and finished goods. The inventory investment is 15% of bi-weekly sales. The lead time for ordering is 3 weeks. Suppliers Key suppliers: MonsterSlayer.com Monsterslayer, Inc. 4187 US Highway 64 Kirtland NM 87417 Noble Packaging Inc. Noble Packaging Inc. 20 Sand Park Rd. Cedar Grove, NJ 07009 The types of inventory furnished by Monster Slayer are wire and beading components and packaging materials are provided by Noble Packaging. Monster Slayer is my primary source, however; my backup supplier is jewelrysupplies.com. Due to the pricing of Gold and Silver fluctuating we have made a 2% window of budgeting to allow for that. Management and Organization One of One is a partnership organized and managed by the owners. Initially, all design, fabrication, and marketing efforts are the responsibility of the owners. As the company grows, these positions will be filled, part-or full-time, as needed. One of One Jewelry Design plans to fund operations principally from cash provided by both gross receipts and owner investments, and will not generally rely upon external sources of financing. The company has in place a jewelry line timed to hit the market at proceeding the holidays of 2009. The company feels sale of this line will provide sufficient cash flow to cover both variable and all operating expenses, with the exception of advertising and marketing, for a one-year period. The company feels cash flow from anticipated sales for this line of jewelry will carry the company at least six months, into 2010. The capital requirements result primarily from purchases of inventory, advertising, and shipping. As the inventory requirements f or the jewelry line are known well in advance of production, inventory cash requirements are predictable during the year. Purchasing decisions will maintain a gross margin percentage of 100 percent. Normal jewelry markup is three times this number. However, One on One is a home-based business, lower operating costs will offset the effect of the gross profit margin. Appendices Include details and studies used in your business plan; for example: Brochures and advertising materials Industry studies Blueprints and plans Maps and photos of location Magazine or other articles Detailed lists of equipment owned or to be purchased Copies of leases and contracts Letters of support from future customers Any other materials needed to support the assumptions in this plan Market research studies List of assets available as collateral for a loan Refining the Plan The generic business plan presented above should be modified to suit your specific type of business and the audience for which the plan is written. For Raising Capital For Bankers Bankers want assurance of orderly repayment. If you intend using this plan to present to lenders, include: Amount of loan How the funds will be used What this will accomplish how will it make the business stronger? Requested repayment terms (number of years to repay). You will probably not have much negotiating room on interest rate but may be able to negotiate a longer repayment term, which will help cash flow. Collateral offered, and a list of all existing liens against collateral For Investors Investors have a different perspective. They are looking for dramatic growth, and they expect to share in the rewards: Funds needed short-term Funds needed in two to five years How the company will use the funds, and what this will accomplish for growth. Estimated return on investment Exit strategy for investors (buyback, sale, or IPO) Percent of ownership that you will give up to investors Milestones or conditions that you will accept Financial reporting to be provided Involvement of investors on the board or in management For Type of Business Manufacturing Planned production levels Anticipated levels of direct production costs and indirect (overhead) costs how do these compare to industry averages (if available)? Prices per product line Gross profit margin, overall and for each product line Production/capacity limits of planned physical plant Production/capacity limits of equipment Purchasing and inventory management procedures New products under development or anticipated to come online after startup Service Businesses Service businesses sell intangible products. They are usually more flexible than other types of businesses, but they also have higher labor costs and generally very little in fixed assets. What are the key competitive factors in this industry? Your prices Methods used to set prices System of production management Quality control procedures. Standard or accepted industry quality standards. How will you measure labor productivity? Percent of work subcontracted to other firms. Will you make a profit on subcontracting? Credit, payment, and collections policies and procedures Strategy for keeping client base High Technology Companies Economic outlook for the industry Will the company have information systems in place to manage rapidly changing prices, costs, and markets? Will you be on the cutting edge with your products and services? What is the status of research and development? And what is required to: Bring product/service to market? Keep the company competitive? How does the company: Protect intellectual property? Avoid technological obsolescence? Supply necessary capital? Retain key personnel? High-tech companies sometimes have to operate for a long time without profits and sometimes even without sales. If this fits your situation, a banker probably will not want to lend to you. Venture capitalists may invest, but your story must be very good. You must do longer-term financial forecasts to show when profit take-off is expected to occur. And your assumptions must be well documented and well argued. Retail Business Company image Pricing: Explain markup policies. Prices should be profitable, competitive, and in accordance with company image. Inventory: Selection and price should be consistent with company image. Inventory level: Find industry average numbers for annual inventory turnover rate (available in RMA book). Multiply your initial inventory investment by the average turnover rate. The result should be at least equal to your projected first years cost of goods sold. If it is not, you may not have enough budgeted for startup inventory. Customer service policies: These should be competitive and in accord with company image. Location: Does it give the exposure that you need? Is it convenient for customers? Is it consistent with company image? Promotion: Methods used, cost. Does it project a consistent company image? Credit: Do you extend credit to customers? If yes, do you really need to, and do you factor the cost into prices?

Elder Care At Ireland And Germany Essay - 2310 Words

Elder Care in Ireland and Germany Ireland and Germany have traditional put the burden of caring for the elderly on the family, but with a rapidly aging population each country has begun to recognize the need for an affordable and comprehensive elder care program. Both have taken different approaches to how to care for their elderly, however neither way comes without complications. Germany offers social services that are a right to all their citizens, however with the rising costs of retirement it will not be sustainable in its current form. Ireland has seen major growth in the elder care field over the last decade and has many comprehensive policies to help live a comfortable retirement, but they lack the funds to fully implement these programs. A different approach must be taken with the geriatric field if they want to guarantee the protection of their senior citizens. Elder Care in Germany Modern elder care can be grouped into three categories: †¢ The state responsibility model †¢ The family care model †¢ The subsidiary model The subsidiary model is commonly found in modern day Germany, but that hasn’t always been the case. Up until 1994, the long-term care of senior citizens was the responsibility of the family. For those who could not handle the financial burden, social services benefits were available to subsidize the cost (Schulz, 2010). Unfortunately this led to an increase in social assistance expenditures, and for this reason a mandatory and universal system of socialShow MoreRelatedRationale Behind Marketisation Of Care1268 Words   |  6 Pages2. 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